1. can = saber o poder hacer algo
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| ability to do sth. in the present (equivalent form: to be able to) | I can swim. I am able to swim. |
| permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) | Can I open the window, please? |
| request | Can you pay attention, please? |
| offer | I can help you later. |
| suggestion | Can we talk in English? |
| possibility | The weather can change quickly in this area. |
2. could = poder o saber algo en el pasado o con idea de pedir un favor o permiso (podría,-s,-amos,-ais, etc)
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| ability to do sth. in the past (equivalent form: to be able to) | I could swim when I was 2. I was able to swim when I was 2. |
| permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to) | I could go out with my friends when I was 12. |
| polite question * | Could we leave early today, please? |
| polite request * | Could you speak slowly, please? |
| polite offer * | I could help you later. |
| polite suggestion * | Could we talk in English? |
| possibility * | I could help you if I finish early today. |
3. may = puede que, podría con idea de pedir permiso o sugerir (podría,-s,-amos,-ais, etc)
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| possibility | It may rain today. |
| permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) | May I go out with my friends? |
| polite suggestion | May I help you? |
4. might = puede que, podría con idea de pedir permiso o sugerir (podría,-s,-amos,-ais, etc)
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| possibility (less possible than may) * | It might rain today. |
| hesitant offer * You are not sure you want to do it or the person will accept your offer. | Might I help you? |
5. must = deber, tener que (obligación y deducción)
Use must when it is a personal obligation, from the person who speaks.
- I must get up early tomorrow. I would like to arrive early.
- You must see the doctor.
Use the modal must for orders or instructions.
- You must be on time for the exam and bring a black pen with you.
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| force, necessity | I must study this lesson now, we have an exam. |
| possibility | You must be tired. |
| advice, recommendation | You must relax and sleep to recover after the trip. |
5. have to = tener que
Use have to when there is an external obligation e.g. timetable, weather or administration.
- Due to a snow storm the pilot has to land in Vancouver.
- My doctor says I have to stop smoking.
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| force, necessity | I have to get up early tomorrow morning. |
| possibility | You must be tired. |
| advice, recommendation | You must see the new film with Brad Pitt. |
6. must not/may not = no se puede, no se debe
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| prohibition (must is a little stronger) | You mustn't work on dad's computer. |
| You may not work on dad's computer. |
7. need not = no hay que
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| sth. is not necessary | We needn't call him, he's called me right now. |
8. ought to = deberías, -a, -amos, -ais
simliar to should – ought to is less subjective
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| advice | You ought to drive slowly, it is raining. |
| obligation | You ought to pay attention when they talk to you. |
9. shall = Hacemos ...?
used instead of will in the 1st person
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| suggestion | Shall we go to have a pizza? |
10. should = debería, -as, -a, etc.
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| advice | You should drive carefully in bad weather. |
| obligation | You should switch off the light when you leave the room. |
11. will . Mira los diferentes usos
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would) | Will you please shut the door? |
| prediction, assumption | I think it will rain on Friday. |
| promise | I will stop smoking. |
| spontaneous decision | Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will. |
| habits | She's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking. |
12. would. Mira los diferentes usos.
| Use | Examples |
|---|---|
| wish, request (more polite than will) | Would you shut the door, please? |
| habits in the past | Sometimes he would bring me some flowers. |
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